Crick Now – James Dewey Watson was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois. He was an early student and entered the University of Chicago at the age of fifteen. He earned his bachelor’s degree in zoology four years later and then earned his Ph.D. On the same topic at Indiana University. He was conducting research at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark when he first became aware of the biomolecular research being done at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge in England. Watson joined Francis Crick in this work at Cambridge in 1951.
1953: James Watson and Francis Crick with their model of the double helix, the helical ladder structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the year of their landmark discovery. (Image source: A. Barrington-Brown. Courtesy of Masters and Fellows of Gonville & Caius College, Cambridge – © Gonville & Caius College.)
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Together, Watson and Crick attempted to determine the chemical composition of living matter. When their initial research yielded no results, laboratory leaders ordered them to stop their research, but they continued their work in secret, and on February 28, 1953, they made an important discovery.
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Two scientists have determined the structure of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule that makes up all living matter. In June, they published their findings in the British journal Science
. The article caused a sensation. Watson and Crick found that the DNA molecule takes the form of a double helix or “gently twisted ladder.” The snail threads are untied “like a zipper” and the missing halves are replenished. Thus, each DNA molecule can create two identical copies of itself.
1962 Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm. Nobel laureates are, from left to right, Maurice Wilkins, Max Perutz, Francis Crick, John Steinbeck, James Watson, and John C. Kendrew. (Photo by Keystone/Getty Images)
The DNA initials and the elegant model of the double helix became known throughout the world. So did Watson and Crick. Their discovery revolutionized the study of biology and genetics, making possible the use of recombinant DNA techniques used in the biotechnology industry today. James Watson became a senior researcher in biology at the California Institute of Technology before returning to Cambridge in 1955. The following year, he moved to Harvard University, where he became professor of biology, a position he held until 1976.
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(Left) D. james d. Watson, co-discoverer of the structure of DNA and winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine, receives the Nobel Prize in Physics to Dr. Sheldon L. Glashow. During the 1986 Golden Plate Banquet in Washington, D.C.; (Center) Dr. James D. Watson addresses Academy delegates at the 2014 summit in San Francisco; (right) D. Francis C. H. Crick, Nobel Prize winner and one of the discoverers of the structure of DNA, who received theoretical physicist Dr. From Freeman J. Dyson for the American Academy of Gold Disc Award. Gold Plaque Ceremony in Scottsdale.
In recognition of their discovery, Francis Crick and James Watson shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Maurice Wilkins. In 1968, Watson published his report on the discovery of DNA.
The book became an international bestseller, but some in the research community were scandalized by Watson’s unflattering portrayal of his colleagues. Throughout the ensuing controversy, Watson insisted that a commitment to truth was as important in writing for the general public as in scientific research.
General Colin L. Powell, Member of the Gold Plaque Awards Council, USA, and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Dr. James D. Watson at the head table at the American Academy’s 1991 Gold Plate Banquet.
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That same year, James Watson married the former Elizabeth Lewis. They have two sons: Rufus and Duncan. James Watson continued his duties at Harvard, becoming director of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island. At the time the institution was in dire financial straits, but under Watson’s strong leadership the institution has become financially sound and is now a world leader in genetic research. Scientists working under Watson at Cold Spring Harbor discovered the molecular nature of cancer and identified cancer genes for the first time. More than 4,000 scholars from around the world come to Cold Spring Harbor to study each year; The Institute’s influence on international genetic research is profound.
Architect Philip Johnson with James Watson at the New York Academy Summit in 1991.
In 1988, Watson accepted an invitation from the National Institutes of Health to become associate director of the Human Genome Project. The following year, Watson became the project’s director and skillfully steered it through the storm of controversy surrounding genetic research. This company used the type of resources typically associated with military and space research to create a complete catalog of the human species’ genetic code. To do this, scientists must determine the location, chemical structure and function of 50,000 to 100,000 individual genes. This will allow the development of tests and perhaps drugs for thousands of inherited disorders or diseases that have some genetic component.
Watson left the Genome Project in 1992 after a successful start. He continued to work at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory throughout this period, and in 1994 he became president of the institution and later served as its chancellor.
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Dr. James D. Watson in his laboratory in Cold Spring Harbor, New York. (© Ethan Hill/Getty Images Contour)
Universities and governments around the world have honored James Watson with letters of honor and medals, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In addition to his many best-selling scientific books
James Watson with a model of a double-stranded DNA molecule at Expo 2004 in Berlin, Monday, October 11, 2004.
Over the years, James Watson has occasionally sparked controversy with his irrepressible observations on various topics. In 2007, he publicly apologized after an interview in which he speculated that African development could be hampered by genetic inheritance. He retracted his statement and expressed his regret for the offense his statements caused. Shortly thereafter, he resigned as chancellor of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and resigned from the laboratory’s board of directors after 43 years of service. In his resignation letter, he expressed hope that genetics would soon conquer cancer and mental illness. “Final victory is within our reach,” he said. “I want to be among those who are on the winning streak.”
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“Francis Crick and I had made the discovery of the century, that was quite clear. We had done it, and I think time has justified people showing me such respect, despite my bad morals.
James Watson was only 25 years old when he and his senior colleague Francis Crick discovered the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the building block of all life on Earth. Modern biology and the biotechnology industry it has created would not have been conceived if these two things had not determined the structure of the DNA molecule. Their model of this structure—the double helix—became a worldwide symbol of the scientific profession and the title of Watson’s best-selling book in 1968.
Watson and Crick won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962, but that was not the end of Watson’s career in the public eye. Through his numerous books and lectures at Caltech and Harvard, Watson entered the center of scientific controversy. As the longtime director of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, he continued down the path of genetic research. From 1988 to 1992, James Watson was the first director of the Human Genome Project at the National Institutes of Health. It was a massive project to decipher the entire genetic code of the human species. In 2007, he retired from his management duties at Cold Spring Harbor.
(The American Academy interviewed Dr. James D. Watson twice: on October 22, 1991 at his laboratory in Cold Spring Harbor, New York, and again on April 5, 2001 at the Harvard Faculty Club in Cambridge, Massachusetts.)
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JAMES WATSON: Francis Crick and I made the discovery of the century, and it was quite clear. We succeeded, and I think it was time for people to show me such respect despite my bad morals. We knew it when we saw it, because you can see the history of humanity and the consciousness of people in the world around us. Suddenly, seeing the molecule responsible for heredity and making human existence possible was a very big step in man’s understanding of himself, in the sense that Darwin knew that the human species is not static, that we change. It has definitely affected your attitude towards everything. The idea of the human essence being carried in a molecule, to see what it looks like, to see at first glance, was of course particularly interesting. Now I think you’re thinking about it a little more. I didn’t think much about it. It was as if I had suddenly become very rich. a lot
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